The Case Against Perfection By Michael J. Sandel - 1358 Words

Nowadays, people will claim that the world is on the verge of scientific revolution that leads to the most controversial idea; genetic engineering of humans. When science technology grows exponentially faster than moral understanding, therein lies the argument between these two aspects. One can argue that genetic engineering is some sort of vast achievement in technology especially in this modern era whereby people live in full of access. However, if we look closely at the impact of this technology towards human beings, genetic engineering has many flaws and ramifications that can be debated thoroughly. Arguments and points of view are explained by Michael J. Sandel, the author of â€Å"The Case Against Perfection† and Nicholas Agar, the author of â€Å"Liberal Eugenics†. In â€Å"The Case Against Perfection†, Sandel points out that parents could improve and choose their child’s muscle strength, growth-hormones, memory and sex. They can select traits for their children and design their own babies. Further, method of in vitro fertilization also make it possible to choose the sex of the child before being born and Sandel claims that it is a kind of sex discrimination. This will lead to a social distinction and creation of two different standards of human beings that Sandel distinguishes as â€Å"those with access to enhancement technologies, and those who must make do with their natural capacities†(Sandel 2009). On the other hand, Agar thinks that people should be free to use enhancementShow MoreRelatedGenetic Enhancement Should Be A Phenomenal Asset1137 Words   |  5 Pagesis oxymoronic. Perfection means, â€Å"the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects† and human mean s â€Å"a bipedal primate with characteristics of people or human beings.† The latter has no exceptions to other flaws or defects outside of being bipedal with people characteristics. In using genetics to enhance what genes are allowed to be distributed presents in itself another problem that we will discuss later. Michael Sandel argued against genetic enhancementRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection by Michael Sandels935 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as the treatment and prevention of many debilitating diseases and extending human life expectancy well beyond its current limits, there are profound moral implications associated with the ability to manipulate our own nature. Michael Sandel’s â€Å"The Case Against Perfection† examines the ethical and moral issues associated with human enhancement while Nick Bostrom’s paper, â€Å"In Defense of Posthuman Dignity† compares the positions that transhumanists and bioconservatists take on the topic of human enhancementRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection by Michael Sandel983 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Sandel is a distinguished political philosopher and a professor at Harvard University. Sandel is best known for his best known for his critique of John Rawlss A Theory of Justice. While he is an acclaimed professor if governme nt, he has also delved deeply into the ethics of biotechnology. At Harvard, Sandel has taught a course called Ethics, Biotechnology, and the Future of Human Nature and from 2002 to 2005 he served on the President’s Council on Bioethics (Harvard University DepartmentRead MoreHuman Genetic Engineering Essay977 Words   |  4 Pageshis/her offspring. Michael J. Sandel, an American political philosopher, theorizes somatic engineering will target a patient’s muscle, mood, and memory (â€Å"The Case Against†). Polygenetic traits, such as intelligence and athleticism, rely on many genes, so they will take scientists numerous years to manipulate successfully. Currently scientists can only manipulate basic traits like hair and eye color. Preventing sickness is not wrong. The issue occurs when one tries to, as Sandel claims, â€Å"reach beyondRead MoreThe Morality Of Genetic Enhancement884 Words   |  4 Pagesmorality of genetic enhancement (GE) differs from person to person. The stance Michael J. Sandel’s takes is that eugenics and GE has no morality. He states in his work, â€Å"The case against Perfection†, that manipulating ones genes makes one less human; since, humans are not perfect which is what makes one human and by designing a perfect person one is taking away their humanity. He thinks eugenics are morally problematic in the cases of abortion; in which the mother would be free to determine if she wouldRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Medical Perfection Or Playing God1280 Words   |  6 Pagesgenes to create purposefully different versions of organisms—and, in some cases, entirely new living things†, duplication of genetic cells is known as human cloning. Development of genetic engineering biotechnologies undermines the natural autonomy of life. Does genetic engineering interfere with God’s natural order or a manipulation of God creation and the intended purpose of our lives? Genetic engineering goes against the theological belief of the authority of God and religion governance orderRead MoreEssay on Transhumanism: The Drive for Perfection2249 Words   |  9 Pagessocial situation (15). Later, the woman had the blush-inducing nerves cut. He argues that this modification greatly improved her well-being, and that it improved her well-being much more than the treatment of many diseases would have (15). Michael J. Sandel disagrees with this notion that health is an instrument. According to him, the notion forgets the difference between healing and enhancing (48). Supporting this, he asserts that health is not something that is to be maximized. Health is only

Alexander Hamilton Revised - 866 Words

Throughout Federalist #78, Alexander Hamilton discusses the importance of having a judiciary branch and the power of judicial review. An important consideration throughout the decision of having judiciary review was appointing the judges and deciding on the tenure in office. There was high concern about these judges being unelected and serving for life. People thought this would lead to them being more corrupt and less likely to base their decisions around what the people really want and need. There would not be a huge check on them, and they would never have to face re-election, so would not have to focus on keeping everyone happy with them in their position. However, Hamilton argued that being unelected and serving for life was beneficial for these judges. Serving for life provides them with the time and ability to become experts in what they do. If they had to be switched out every so often, we would have judges becoming experts just to be kicked out of their position and replaced with new, less informed judges who would have to start the process of becoming an expert all over again. In keeping them unelected, w e avoid the influence of factions or other groups that could sway their, or the public’s, decisions on policies and who to elect into office. They also will not be affected by the comings and goings of political parties, and will place them above any current â€Å"trending† social issues. They do have to serve under good behavior, however, lest they be impeached. OtherShow MoreRelatedOverview of the Whiskey Rebellion Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal government to implement laws in the United States. The Whiskey Rebellions occurrence was mainly due to a man named Alexander Hamilton. In 1791, right around the time when the American Revolution was finally over and the Americans had won their freedom, America itself was still in debt to their financial aids that had assisted them during the war. At the time, Hamilton was Washingtons secretary of the treasury. He figured, in order to pay and take care of certain war debts, that Congress shouldRead MoreJames Madison : The Oldest Of 12 Children1139 Words   |  5 PagesJames Madison, born in 1751 in Orange County, Virginia, was America’s fourth president, he served from 1809 - 1817. He wrote The Federalist Paper, with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. Many people referred to him as The Father of The Constitution because of his many contributions to the ratification of the Constitution. James Madison was the oldest of 12 children. In 1762 he was sent to a boarding school. When he returned home, his father got him a private tutor because he was concerned about hisRead MoreHow Did The Colonists Manage The Outcome Of The War?2274 Words   |  10 Pagesbeing weak and frail to strong and confident. James Madison believed that it was necessary to discuss the state economic state the country was in. Since not many showed up to the first, the ones that did show up agreed to discuss further with Alexander Hamilton in Philadelphia. Because of the uprising in Massachusetts, the confederation agreed to a second meeting. What was meant to be about amending the Articles of Confederation, soon turned into a meeting about an outline on how the government shouldRead MoreGeorge Washington Farewell Address1117 Words   |  5 PagesPhiladelphia newspaper on September 19, 1796, with the title â€Å"The Address of George Washington to the People of America on His Declining of the Pres idency of the United States†. Towards the end of his second term of presidency, Washington revised the address with Alexander Hamilton and in his Farewell Address, Washington strained the importance of religion, patriotism, and morality in American politics. Washington made many important points and gave many forewarnings that the nation should consider, but theRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution Of The United States1096 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a powerful united nation due to the Federalist Papers’ highlighting the glaring weaknesses associated with the document and building on the key concepts. The Federalist Papers were a series of 85 essays that were anonymously written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pen name â€Å"Publius† and published in various newspapers in New York; the purpose of these essays that were published between October 1787 and August 1788, was to state reasons as to why the new Constitut ionRead MorePowers Of The United States Constitution1552 Words   |  7 Pagespowers such as this one, this clause enables Congress to stretch the expressed powers beyond their actual print in the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton proposed for the United States to establish its first bank; however Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, and James Madison disagreed. They felt that the bank was not â€Å"necessary and proper† (Namtvedt). Alexander Hamilton believed in the implied powers aspect of the Constitution; thus suggesting a â€Å"strong central government† for the United States. In contrastRead MoreA Nation Of Pride .. Lifein America After The Revolutionary1034 Words   |  5 PagesArticles of Confederation and the need for a stronger form of government. Due to the occurrence of Shay s Rebellion, Alexander Hamilton requested a meeting to strengthen the form of government. In response, in May of 1787, a group of fifty-five men gathered in Philadelphia for the constitutional convention. However, many people refused to go to this meeting, including Patrick Henry. Hamilton remained the sole representative from New York. Two-thirds of the delegates were lawyers, and there were no farmersRead MoreHow Does The Constitution Allow For Enduring Debate?1890 Words   |  8 Pages How does The Constitution allow for enduring debate? In what ways are the early visions of Hamilton and Jefferson reflect in contemporary politics? Sofia Stepanoff Honors History 6 15 December 2014 The ratification of Articles of Confederation was approved, The Constitution was created. The founding fathers decided to create the constitution because the Articles of Confederation limited the central government too much. The Constitution was built to change. The way the constitutionRead MoreThe Articles of Confederation Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesThe Articles of Confederation Independence from Britain made necessary the establishment of a new government. Eleven states drew up new constitutions; Connecticut and Rhode Island revised colonial charters. The Articles of Confederation created a loose union of near-sovereign states. The Confederation was inadequate and was failing in the structure of government. They also were in deep trouble, financially and economically. The Articles of Confederation probably achieved its most importantRead MoreThe United States And Foreign Affairs Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesFrance in the war. Both Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury and a Federalist (America Past and Present, pages 197 and 203), and Thomas Jefferson, the Secretary of State and a Republican (America Past and Present, pages 197 and 203), wanted to avoid war. However, Jefferson believed that nations wanting to trade with Americans should honor American neutrality, thus, if Britain treated the US as a colonial possession, then the US should favor France in trade. Hamilton thought this to be insane

How to write a research paper Free Essays

How to Write a Research Paper Free Essays According to Writer’s Help (n. d. ), there are a series of steps for writing a research paper. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all, once you have your research topic, you would need to come up with a research question about your subject. Before you start to develop a research question, you would need to explore the subject. Reading, annotating texts and visuals, talking and listening, listing, clustering, free writing and asking questions are some of the strategies that you can use in order to get several ideas that will help you to generate your research questions. After exploring your topic, create a worth-while researching question that will give you more focus on what to do during your research and writing. Then, you would need to design a research strategy in order to find relevant sources. You can do this by consulting a reference librarian or exploring your library’s website that will give you information on accessible resources. Do not merely choose a research strategy, such as using Google, without actually assessing all types of sources. After you have planned your research strategy, think of the function of each source that you will be using for your research paper. Sources can be used for different purposes such as providing background of your topic, explaining terms or supporting claims. This would give you more focus on what information you would need from the sources that you will use. Next, select sources that you believe would give you the information that you need. During this stage, you only need to scan the sources. Make sure that the sources are relevant, reliable and current. Once you have selected your sources, start to evaluate the sources. While reading the sources, you need to take other people’ views or arguments about your research subject into account. In order to do that, you would need to be open-minded in receiving a new or opposing idea. Analyze the contexts of the sources critically. Make sure that you take notes and keep track of the chosen sources while analyzing the sources. When taking notes, do not plagiarize the authors’ work. You can either use summarizing, paraphrasing or quoting strategy in order to prevent plagiarism. In addition, keep track of the sources by making a working bibliography, where you gather the list of the sources. After that, you can start writing your thesis statement, which provide a main idea of your research paper. However, you can revise your thesis statement as you write your paper. You can start writing a draft after providing a thesis statement. For your initial draft, focus on the contents and organization of the paper. Make sure to use your own words when you use information from a source. After revising the contents of the draft, you can then think of the grammar and sentence structure and create a final draft. Finally, you would need to document the sources that you use. You would have to recognize the type of documentation style that you are required to use. It could be MLA style, APA style or Chicago style depending on the courses you are writing it for. By documenting the sources both in text and references list, you basically have finished writing a research paper. In conclusion, these are useful steps that you can practice in writing a good research paper. REFERENCES Writer’s Help (n. d. ). â€Å"How do I begin a research paper? †. Retrieved from http://writershelp. bedfordstmartins. com/ebooks/helphandbook. php How to cite How to Write a Research Paper, Essays

Research Proposal Regarding Low Employee Morale-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Research proposal regarding low Employee Morale. Answer: Introduction: This research proposal revolves around a company that goes by the name Verbeek Export. Hans Verbreek established it in the year 1975. The company was initially setup for distributing flowers. Its range of operations includes Europe and Scandinavia. The research proposal will identify key reasons that lead to decrease in profit for the company. Following identification of key reasons, the proposal will develop a methodology for collecting and assessing data. After assessment, the proposal would be able to provide a recommendation. Decrease in profit is a business problem, this inhibits growth, and viability of the business is put under scanner. It was established that due to low morale of employees, productivity of the company was hit and this resulted in reduction of profit. Additionally, the proposal would help in providing recommendation that would help to mitigate the business problem identified. Background: By internal research, it was established that workload in the company is unbalanced. Employees were showing signs of fatigue by working long hours in the company. This resulted in poor quality of work. Based on internal feedback, the company decided to introduce a break of 15 minutes. This solution was not enough as the company faced employee retention issues. Prior investigation also revealed that a rival company of Verbeek Export paid higher rates to workers and this contributed to retention issues in the company. Research aim and objectives: The research aims to find out contributing factors that leads to low morale among employees. The research also aims to find out underlying causes that leads to lower productivity. To identify the factors that leads to low morale of employees. To identify the factors that leads to lower productivity. To provide recommendation to mitigate the business problem. Research questions: Q1. What are the factors that lead to low morale? Q2. What are the contributing factors that lead to low productivity in a company? Q3. What can be done to solve the business problem? Literature review: A problem within a business might lead lowering of profit. This can stem from internal issues such as low morale. Morale of employees is difficult to manage. For any organization, it is critical to maintain high employee retention rate and this puts focus on how to increase employee morale (Qureshi et al., 2015). The process of determining employee satisfaction level for the company is difficult since it is hard to get a read on employees feelings. It is widespread believe among top managers that the leading cause of low morale is money but that is not the case always (Kocakulah, et al., 2016). Lack of development of the employee, reduced employee morale, and a feeling of detachment from company objectives leads to lower employee retention rates. It was also established that employees wants to feel that they are part of something bigger, which actually means their role, has an impact on the business conducted by the organization (Grissom, Viano Selin, 2016). This literature review w ill provide some top reasons that lead to decrease in employee morale. Morale issues arise from poor treatment of employees by managers. Employees will not feel motivated if their managers do not treat them with respect (Fast, Burris Bartel, 2014). Employees become increasingly frustrated when goals keep changing. This happens when previous work fades away because old goals contradict with new goals. The third factor that reduces employee morale is lack of clarity about expectations. For employees of an organization, it is particularly discouraging to know nothing about goals (Morrison, See Pan, 2015). Goals must be clear for every employee. For an organization, there can be certain set of criteria by which a performance of employee is measured. Employees are bound to feel frustrated if they are not able to know the criterias by which they are being judged. Lack in communication among employee and a supervisor will lead to lower morale. Resentment and hatred arises among employees when they feel they are sidelined. It is critical for a company to have proper communication channels in the hierarchy. Employee morale will also decrease if their hard work is not recognized by the organization. Each employee wishes that his or her hard work were recognized. A simple praise by a supervisor can do a trick. The sixth point will highlight the lack of employee development plan. If there are no clear development plans available, then employees will not be able to realize their full potential. Morale can also be lowered from lack of trust. An employee would not be able to perform his/her abilities to the fullest if his/her every move is being scrutinized. One of the most important factors that lead to low employee morale is immense workload. A company should review workload of employees at regular interval to keep a check on employee morale. Employee morale is decreased when they are not compensated adequately. If the compensation does not reflect the amount of work done by the employee then resentment among the employees will be on the rise (Judge et al., 2017). Productivity of the company is very important and thus, few points will be discussed. Cash incentives and non-cash incentives such as trips and gifts can b e introduced to increase productivity of the company. Office picnics are a great way to rejuvenate for the employees. This type of activities helps the employees to unwind and releases stress which further results in increase in productivity. Team building exercise can be undertaken to make the employees socialize with one another. This will also result in increasing productivity among the employees. Low employee morale will decrease collaboration between teams, negatively impact culture of the team and this will affect the way customers are treated. The main problem lies with the environment. The environment that is created through attitudes, biases and faulty policies will lead to decrease in morale. Some of the main causes of low employee morale are lack of clarity, lack of growth, leadership changes and issues with leadership. To deal with low employee morale the organization must practice transparency, give recognition to employees, must train managers, must offer growth, should collect feedback and have extensive team building exercise. The above points mentioned will mitigate the risk of having low employee morale in the organization. Research Methodology: Data collection method: Before starting this data collection process, the need for qualitative and explorative study will be established. Data collection method for this research will be in-depth interviews. Semi structured and long interview method will be followed. Long interview method will be followed since the area is relatively new for the research to be conducted upon. Semi structured interviews will be followed when the interview questions will be varied according to the answers provided by the respondent. Additionally, the long interview method will provide opportunity to see the world from respondents perspective. A research process is completed with the help of primary and secondary data. Data that is collected by surveys, interviews and questionnaire is termed as primary data (Hewson Stewart, 2016). Secondary data refers to data collected from books and journals that already contains researched material (Stage Manning, 2015). Primary data will be collected from the workers working in similar i ndustry such as flower delivery service. The main data will be collected from employees of similar industry who are willing to resign because of low employee morale. Additionally, feedback will be collected from them which will point out their frustrations and what they want the organization to do in order to eliminate the resentment in them. Data analysis Method: Interview transcripts will be compiled and analyzed using a computer aided data analysis software ATLAS.ti (Friese, 2014). Data analysis plan is of two types- first one is quantitative data analysis and the second one is qualitative data analysis (Graue, 2015). Data analysis method chosen will be qualitative data analysis since the data gathered from interviews and transcripts will be evaluated in a qualitative manner. Qualitative analysis of data is useful when there is no need to conduct mathematical and statistical analysis of an entire survey. Sampling Method: Two types of sampling method are there for a research process. First one is probability and the second one is non- probability. For the probability sample method, respondents and sample are selected on a random basis. It is used to know the complete response of a group for a given topic. The second one is non-probability method where the selections of respondents randomly are not allowed. For this specific type of sampling method, the research focuses on a target group, which is apt for the research (Palinkas et al., 2015). Non- probability sampling method will be chosen for the research since the target group is known for the research. The main target groups are the employees on the verge of resigning because of low employee morale. Ethical issues: Here ethical considerations relates to participants and steps undertaken to protect their interest and privacy. Participants chosen will be mainly English speaking and for those who are not English speaking translator will be provided. Special care will be taken to see that the translator must not alter information provided by the participants (Olteanu, K?c?man Castillo, 2018). Ethical issues may also arise from the fact that limited options are provided for a question and this indicates biasness. A consent form will be provided to every participant so that they can withdraw if they feel obligated to do so. Time Horizon: The first month shall be utilized in selecting the topic and researching about relevant information from research journals and books. The second month will be utilized in researching about the topic. Plan of research and the manner in which it will be conducted will be researched in the third month. Primary data will be collected in the fourth month. Data will be analyzed by the fifth month. By the end of sixth month, the research proposal will be drafted. Expected outcome: Interviews that will be performed as a part of this research will provide insights into the employee morale. This research will also be able to pin point the reasons that leads to lower productivity in the company. It can be said that the primary objective of this research proposal is to identify the factors that leads to low employee morale. Extensive research will also identify suggestions that will mitigate the risk of low employee morale in similar industry. References Fast, N. J., Burris, E. R., Bartel, C. A. (2014). Managing to stay in the dark: Managerial self-efficacy, ego defensiveness, and the aversion to employee voice.Academy of Management Journal,57(4), 1013-1034. Friese, S. (2014).Qualitative data analysis with ATLAS. ti. Sage. Graue, C. (2015). Qualitative data analysis.International Journal Of Sales, Retailing Marketing,4(9), 5-14. Grissom, J. A., Viano, S. L., Selin, J. L. (2016). Understanding employee turnover in the public sector: Insights from research on teacher mobility.Public Administration Review,76(2), 241-251. Hewson, C., Stewart, D. W. (2016).Internet research methods. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Judge, T. A., Weiss, H. M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Hulin, C. L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change.Journal of Applied Psychology,102(3), 356. Kocakulah, M. C., Kelley, A. G., Mitchell, K. M., Ruggieri, M. P. (2016). Absenteeism problems and costs: causes, effects and cures.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),15(3), 89. Morrison, E. W., See, K. E., Pan, C. (2015). An approach?inhibition model of employee silence: The joint effects of personal sense of power and target openness.Personnel Psychology,68(3), 547-580. Olteanu, A., K?c?man, E., Castillo, C. (2018, February). A Critical Review of Online Social Data: Biases, Methodological Pitfalls, and Ethical Boundaries. InProceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining(pp. 785-786). ACM. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,42(5), 533-544. Qureshi, M. I., Iftikhar, M., Janjua, S. Y., Zaman, K., Raja, U. M., Javed, Y. (2015). Empirical investigation of mobbing, stress and employees behavior at work place: quantitatively refining a qualitative model.Quality Quantity,49(1), 93-113. Stage, F. K., Manning, K. (Eds.). (2015).Research in the college context: Approaches and methods. Routledg

7 Bad Speaking Habits You Should Avoid [Infographic]

7 Bad Speaking Habits You Should Avoid [Infographic] You’re always making an impression in the workplace. Don’t make an amateur mistake and think that people don’t take note of your casual observations in the break room or  whispered hallway  complainfests. What you say in the workplace stays in the workplace†¦and colors how people perceive you and your level of professionalism. You need to remember that you aren’t among your buddies–you’re at a place of employment, where even the most talented employee can come across as negative, petty, and untrustworthy due to misspeaking in word or in tone. Read on to find Business Insider‘s 7 Habits of Bad Speakers, and then work to eradicate these habits from your daily speech.

Beat Poets Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, North Beach

Beat Poets Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s, North Beach Beat Poets The Beat Movement in modern literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Incorporating influences such as jazz, art, literature, philosophy and religion, the beat writers created a new and prophetic vision of modern life and changed the way a generation of people sees the world. That generation is mow aging and its representative voices are becoming lost to eternity, but the message is alive and well. The Beats have forever altered the nature of American consciousness. The Beat Generation of writers offered the world a new attitude. They brought to society a consciousness of life worth living. They offered a method of escape from the stultifying, unimaginative world we live in, through the exploration of one's intellect. Beat has had many different contemporary implications in music, poetry and literature. Literature has been liberated considerably. The poetic form has been changed to inaugurate a new poetic form, an American form. There was less emphasis on tradition and more emphasis on the individual talent. (www.rohan.sdsu.edu) One of the most important contributions to contemporary verse was to take poetry out of the classrooms and into non-academic settingcoffee houses, jazz clubs, large public auditoriums and even athletic stadiums. Poetry is more popular and more read than anytime in history, not only spoken poetry but also sung poetry of a high order. The literature, coordinated by pop music, with a way of dressing, with a way of life, it something that has influenced the youth of the world not only in Western countries but Eastern countries as well. (www.charm.net) Music has been influenced greatly by Beat writing. The lyrics of many great songs have forever been changed by the writing of the Beat Generation. Bob Dylan's favorite poet was Allen Ginsberg. Ginsberg became one of Dylan's greatest friends. He worked on many projects with Dylan...The band Rage Against the Machine has many of Ginsberg's poems and words show up in their songs. For instance the song 'Bulls on Parade' includes Ginsberg 'Hadda Been Playing on the Jukebox' (www.charm.net) Generation X writers are compared to the Beat writers. Many people say that the generation coming to age has the potential to bring a new vision to society. The Beats thumbed their noses at the corporate world just like Generation X does today. (www.altx.com/io/beatgeneration.html) Many writers of Generation X have been influenced by the writing like Andy Clausen, Eliot Katz, Geoffrey Manough and Ed Sanders. There are many writers that have been influenced but have not been included in the Generation X section. These writers took up the flame of the Beat flavor, keeping it strong. James Wright was one of the writers that kept the flame going. He was much admired poet of his generation...(www.rohan.sdsu.edu) His works have a sense of Midwestern American bleakness...(www.rohan.sdsu) One of his poems goes like this My bones turn to dark emeralds Your hands turn yellow in the ruins of the sun Suddenly I realize That if I stepped out of my body I would break Into blossom (www.rohan.sdsu.edu) Another such writer with Beat flavor would be Adrienne Rich. Rich's work established the importance of gender in shaping a poetic consciousness and she became a mentor to thousands of women, enabling them to 'speak the unspeakable,' to authenticate their unique experience of reality. (www.rohan.sdsu.edu) Beat writing has made a great impact on the writing of today's generation. It has allowed people to be more open with themselves and the people that are reading their works. It is also allowed people to be more open minded to new ideas that these works brought to the surface for everybody to see. Where early writing was stiff, beat writing allowed for the writing to come after it to beat to a different drummer. Beat writing has expanded the world of literature, poetry and music to a higher level for people to enjoy. Bibliography BIB www.charm.net/brooklyn/Topics/BeatGen.html www.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/sixties/index.html www.rohan.sdsu.edu

China Is Going to Become the Next Superpower Assignment

China Is Going to Become the Next Superpower - Assignment Example Before embarking a discussion specifically in a China-centric context, it will be really pragmatic to delineate the salient characteristics of a superpowerFirst and foremost, a superpower always has a robust and stable economy that is sufficient enough to churn out the resources for its fast-expanding ambitions. A superpower is also backed by a strong army, navy and air force that could well do the job of projecting it as a power throughout the world. A superpower also needs to have a strong and well-developed culture that is worthy of extending the requisite philosophical and ideological influences, that well demark and define the approach and strategy of that superpower. Geography can certainly play role in consolidating and encouraging the superpower status of a country, as it did in the case of the erstwhile USSR and the USA. A country that has a vast sea and land area under its control is mostly not only endowed with abundant and rich natural resources but does also enjoy a dist inct tactical advantage in the case of a war. If one takes into consideration the contemporary economic and military power of China and the other related attributes like culture, geography and the like, no doubt China qualifies to be an ideal candidate for becoming the superpower of the future (Mahtaney 7).  Also, not only the Chinese goods are flooding the Western markets, but rather China has emerged as a manufacturing hub for the entire world. China also has embarked on an ambitious plan to modernize its military. It goes without saying that in the recent times, China’s sway in the world affairs has increased over time and China is doing its best to gain a strategic edge not only over its rivals in Asia but also over the Western powers (Mahtaney 4). All these facts constitute a good reason as to why China is poised to achieve a superpower status in the future. China’s Economy In the last three decades, China’s economic growth has been quietly impressive and the nation does seem to have the potential to sustain this growth in the times to come. Simply speaking, China has one big population that not only serves the purpose of creating a big and lucrative domestic market but also extends to China ready access to cost-effective and affordable labor. Not to mention that China is a country endowed with ample natural resources and big sea and land area, which further contribute to and facilitate its economic growth. It was Deng Xiaoping who introduced economic reforms in China in the late 70s. Since the introduction of these reforms, the Chinese economy has developed spectacularly. In the period 1979-1993, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of China registered an average growth rate of 9.3 percent (Cass, Williams & Barker 91). It was indeed a great achievement, going by the fact that in the same time period, the average growth rate of the entire world stood at 2.6 percent (Cass, Williams & Barker 91).  

Reflaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflaction - Essay Example In an effort to achieve the high standards of masculinity set by sexism and heterosexism alike, men fall short of engaging in anti-violence efforts (Grove 287). The thesis of the article is persuasive given that it highlights the true nature of the society, especially regarding men and anti-violence efforts. While society expect men to hold their masculinity standards as high as possible, supporting efforts against violence becomes a daunting task given that the two run parallel with each other. It is quite impossible for a man to remain masculine in the eyes if the society while at the same time supporting efforts against violence. The article further presents possible strategies of engaging men in anti-violence efforts such as engaging men in activities that challenge both sexism and heterosexism while providing them with an entry point that support their male identity (Grove 285). The second article lays emphasis on the creation of alternate community based intervention to violence. The efforts contributed by the existing interventions to violence are not adequate to mitigate the violence to a tolerable level. It therefore suggests the creation of community based interventions as a solution to violence. It cites the lack of implementation of alternative frameworks on the ground as a major problem facing the fight against violence. The efficiency of the community based intervention to violence lies on engaging the community in taking active role in actually intervening violence (Mimi 293). The alternative intervention to violence proves to be an effective way of mitigating violence given it approaches the problem from the grass root in addition to actually involving the community in an effort to fighting violence. The strategies outlined in community based intervention programs heighten chances of success of the intervention. The paper has enlightened me on alternative intervention

Stock analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stock analysis - Essay Example Samsung gets some space: A federal judge in California rejected a request from Apple Inc. to block Samsung from importing 4 Samsung producs: Infuse 4G, Galaxy S 4G, Droid Change and Galaxy Tab 10.1. Apple had claims that these products violates its patents. The judge rules that the products are not a significant threat to Apple. A trial is scheduled in July to settle the patent liability issue Apple Inc. is a leading organization involved in designing, manufacturing, and marketing of personal computers, mobile communication devices, portable digital music and video players. The company is also involved in related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications worldwide. Its products and services include iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, Apple TV, iOS and the Mac OS X, I Cloud and various accessory and support offerings. It’s customers include small and mid-sized business, consumers, enterprises as well as government customers. The company’s sales force include retail stores, online stores, as well as direct sales force. The company also sells its products through partnership with third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers and value-added resellers. It primarily started as a company in the personal computers industry. The industry has been witnessing significant changes in terms of the way services are provided to the customer. Some of the key competitors in the space include Dell, Microsoft and HP. The market for personal computers is characterized by minimal differentiation. Apple is the only manufacturer that uses Mac OS. As a result, the operating system has a significantly less market share. Majority of the market in this space is dominated by Windows, the operating system from Microsoft. The industry has been witnessing downward trend in terms of shipments in US. In the mobile handset industry, the company faces stiff competition from companies like Samsung, HTC, Google, Nokia,

Shareholder Wealth Maximization And Stakeholder Capitalism Model Economics Essay

Shareholder Wealth Maximization And Stakeholder Capitalism Model Economics Essay The Anglo-American markets are described by a philosophy that a firms objective should follow the shareholder wealth maximization (SWM) model. Anglo-American is defined to mean the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This theory presumed that the firm should try to maximize the return to shareholders, as measured by the total of capital gains and dividends, for a certain level of risk. On the other hand, the firm should minimize the risk to shareholders for a given rate of return. The SWM model assumes as a universal truth that the stock market is efficient. The share price is always correct because it reflects the expectations of return and risk as perceived by investors. It quickly incorporates new information into the share price. Share prices, in turn, are considered as the best allocators of capital in the macro economy. The SWM model also treats its definition of risk as a universal truth. Risk is defined as the added risk that the firms shares br ing to a diversified portfolio. The total operational risk of the firm can be eliminated through portfolio diversification by the investors. Therefore, this unsystematic risk, as known as diversifiable risk, the risk of the individual security, should not be a prime concern for management unless it increases the prospect of bankruptcy. Systematic risk, as known as non-diversifiable risk, the risk of the market in general, cannot be eliminated. This reflects risk that the share price will be a function of the stock market. Corporate wealth maximization model In contrast to the SWM model, Continental European and Japanese markets are characterized by a philosophy that a corporations objective should be to maximize corporate wealth. Thus, a firm should consider shareholders on a par with other corporate interest groups, such as management, labor, the local community, suppliers, creditors, and even the government. The goal is to earn as much as possible in the long run, but to maintain enough to increase the corporate wealth for the benefit of all interest groups. This model is also called the stakeholder capitalism model. The definition of corporate wealth is much broader than just financial wealth, such as cash marketable securities, and unused credit lines. It includes the firms technical, market, and human resources. as a result, it goes beyond the wealth measured by normal financial reports to take in account the firms market position as well as the knowledge and skill of its employees in technology, manufacturing processes, marketing and administration of the enterprise. The corporate wealth maximization (CWM) model does not assume that equity markets are either efficient or inefficient. It does not really matter, as the firms financial goals are not fully shareholder-oriented. In any case, the model assumes that long-term loyal shareholders should influence corporate strategy, not the transient portfolio investor. The CWM model assumes that total risk, that is, operating and financial risk, does count. It is a specific corporate objective to generate growing earnings and dividends over the long run with as much certainty as possible, given the firms mission statement and goals. Risk is measured more by product market variability than by short term variation in earnings and share price. Comparison of Shareholder Wealth Maximization and Stakeholder Capitalism Models Shareholder Wealth Maximization Model Stakeholder Capitalism Model Based on the assumption of share price efficiency i.e. the share price in the market reflects intrinsic value and shareholders wealth No assumption on share price efficiency Firms objective is to maximize shareholders wealth by achieving the highest possible total return to equity (including both capital appreciation and dividend distribution) Firms objective is to maximize corporate wealth but return to equity is constrained by the interest of other stakeholders such as creditors, employees, governments, etc. Only systematic risk is a prime concern for management as unsystematic risk is supposed to be diversified Total risk (operating and financial risk) is considered by management Corporate strategies are directed by the board on behalf of shareholders Corporate strategies are influenced by long-term stakeholders rather than mobile portfolio investors Journal 2: Shareholder Wealth Maximization According to the maximization model, there are three types of maximization in a company, which are shareholder maximization, stakeholder-owner maximization and total stakeholder maximization. Shareholder maximization is a particular case of stakeholder-owner maximization, where only the pure owner interest as supplier of risk-capital is considered in the maximization. The stakeholder-owner has particular resources and interests which are important for the commitment of other stakeholders and thus for the economic performance of the venture as a whole and for the distribution of stakeholder benefits. Examples of such stakeholder-owners would include managers within the company who were also shareholders or suppliers who had an interest in the ownership of the company. Total stakeholder maximization includes the advantages for all groups, such as employees, local communities, shareholders, suppliers, customers, investors and partners. Among the three maximization of a company, shareholder wealth maximization plays a significant role and indeed more important than the other two, which are stakeholder-owner maximization and total stakeholder maximization. Many assume that total stakeholder maximization is the most important maximization for a company, yet in reality, such maximization is not easy to achieve. Under the new field of corporate social responsibility, many company are encourage to take the interests of all stakeholder (not only shareholder) into consideration during their decision making process. This is a process where the conflict of interest between shareholder and stakeholder eventually happen. For example, if the general public is part of the stakeholder considered under corporate social responsibility (CSR) governance, a conflict might occur when the company decide to carry out operation that would increase the profit of the company, specifically shareholder but at the mean time the operation may c ause more pollution to the environment, which is at the disadvantage of the public (the stakeholder). In short, total stakeholder maximization can be hard to achieve as a profit and earning for a group of the stakeholder (shareholder) can sometime be the disadvantage and loss of another group of stakeholder (group other than shareholder) or vice-versa. The general type of maximization that companies pursue is stakeholder-owner maximization. Maximization of shareholder value is actually a special case of stakeholder-owner maximization. Under restrictive assumptions, the shareholder maximization is larger or equal to stakeholder-owner maximization. Generally, the main objective of most companies is to maximize its value to its shareholders.   Value is represented by the market price of the companys common stocks, which is a reflection of the firms investment, financing, and dividend decisions. Otherwise, the companies should minimize the risk to shareholders for a given rate of return. In reality, companies are more concern about shareholder wealth maximization as this is what the company is portraying to the public. Take an example, if a company focus more on its stakeholder-owner maximization rather than the shareholder wealth maximization, the shareholder (including general public who own an amount of the stock of the company) m ay gain less or no profit and in some cases even suffer a loss. In this situation, it can bring a negative influence to the perspective of others towards the company which will then lower the value of the company and in the long run, curbs the development of the company. In conclusion, shareholder maximization is more important than the others. This is because shareholders are solely the holder that finance a company or provide finance for a company development. However, stakeholder-owner maximization too must be taken into consideration as they may be the human resources or the resources that mainly contribute to the performance of a company. Journal 3: Is Shareholder Wealth Maximization immoral? Shareholder Wealth Maximization A company that implements shareholder wealth maximization indicates that its goal of management is strive to maximize the return in term of capital gain and dividend paid to its shareholders. The ultimate objective of all activity within the firm is the maximization of shareholder wealth. However, financial economists should be increasingly aware of growing dissent from, or at least equivocation on, that standard finance definition of corporate objectives. The idea in shareholder wealth maximization model is that shareholders are the group that take the greatest risks and thus deserves special treatment is a fiction. In shareholder wealth maximization model, managers make decision on the basis of stock price maximization. The first myth is that making decisions on the basis of stock price maximization is amoral, that is morally value neutral. The second myth is one commonly held by business ethicists, namely, that decisions premised on shareholder wealth maximization are strictly immoral. The myth that making decision on the basis of stock price maximization is morally value neutral held by financial economists because belief in it can exempt them from any moral self-examination. Shareholder wealth maximization serves as a conduit of ethics rather than a net determinant of ethical behaviour. Besides, every firm strive to pursue shareholder wealth maximization leads to maximum aggregate economic benefit, they think that its not just benefit to the shareholder but also the society. This will come about as scarce resources are directed to their most productive use by businesses competing to create wealth. The implication of such a defense is that shareholder wealth maximization is morally neutral. In addition, a manager acting in accordance with shareholder wealth maximization is not exercising any particular moral judgment. For example, the manager makes decision that act in the interests of whoever has the greatest economic influence on the companys stock price. On the other hand, the business ethics literature clearly rejects shareholder wealth maximization as an ultimate justification for decisions in business, and they apparently proffer some more ethereal, less material ultimate justification as an alternative. Besides, as a justification for behavior, shareholder wealth maximization is rarely sanctioned by business ethicists because this model just emphasis on the interests of shareholders. This model focuses on the equity market value which is revealed in the companys stock price. A manager pursuing shareholder wealth maximization is concerned with anything that affects the company value. In fact, stock price is increasingly being determined by a series of intangible factors such as employee relations, credit quality, environment sensitivity, product reliability, cultural sensitivity and whatever society values. A management group that is insensitive to the needs and concerns of stakeholders will not flourish financially and, of course, a company that does not flourish financially will not be able to help stakeholders. So, shareholder wealth maximization is not morally neutral and not simply immoral. It neither favors strictly material objectives, nor does it unfairly favour stockholder over other stakeholders. In accepting shareholder wealth maximization as the objectives, business professional should not abrogate all moral common sense when making any decisions. Only through sound moral judgment on the part of individual managers can the organizational premise of shareholder wealth maximization be morally justified. Journal 4: Globalizing Asia: Towards a New Development Paradigm Journal 5: The U.S. Capitalism Model Has Failed Stakeholder Capitalism Model Stakeholder capitalism model says that company should make decisions by taking into account the interests of all the stakeholders in the firm. Stakeholders include all individuals or groups who can significantly affect the welfare of the firm in the aspects of not only the financial claimants, but also employees, management, customers, local community, supply chain members, local or national government and creditors. One of the important variables in this model is considering all stakeholders interest as they are people who support and sustain the company. In the stakeholder capitalism model, it is argued that firms should pay attention to all their supporters that can affect the firm. Managers and boards of directors of company have vital roles on making decisions that suit multiple competing and inconsistent constituent interests. However, there are different demands and interests from stakeholders. Customers want low prices, high quality, expensive service and so on. Employees want high wages, high quality working conditions, and fringe benefits including vacations, medical benefits, pensions and the rest. Suppliers of capital or known as shareholders want low risk and high returns. Communities want high charitable contributions, social expenditures by firms to benefit the community at large such as build hospital, donation, stable employment provided, increased investment, and so on. In making these critical decisions, company must specify how to make the tradeoffs between these often conflicting and inconsistent demands from vario us stakeholders. Many managers and directors of organizations still embrace stakeholder capitalism theory even will be failed at last if they are competing with firms that are behaving so as to maximize value. The theory allows managers and directors to manage company resources in the way they like because the management of the resources in stakeholder capitalism model is inexplicable. Therefore, this allows self-interested managers to pursue their own interests at the expense of society and the firms financial claimants. It may permit managers and directors to invest in their favourite projects that diminish firm value. As a result, agency cost increases because management of company does not act in shareholders interest. Management is given free authority to do almost whatever they want to. So, they may not follow or implement what shareholders require them to do. The other variable is free power. Managers are empowered to exercise their own preferences in spending the firms resource. If the manage ment uses the authority given wisely, company will sustain growth and vice versa. I would prefer stakeholder capitalism model because not only owners, investors, and managers able to share profits but also employees, suppliers and other individuals or groups that related to firm. In stakeholder capitalism model, employees are involved in management decisions and profit distribution. The benefit of the stakeholder capitalism model is cooperative relationship between employees and management that allows steady productivity for sustainability of the firms. If there is few goals such as maximize profits, market share, growth in profits, and others, this will make management has no idea what to achieve. The management cannot focus on a single goal thus makes the firm inefficient. As to solve this, firm can specify the tradeoffs among different groups of stakeholders. Effects of the decisions no matter good or bad that are affecting firm are listed out. For example, cash flow, operating and financial risk which are the main concerns of every corporation. Another variable is single goal. Single goal set allows company to concentrate on accomplishing single purpose as to satisfy stakeholders interest and it requires a deep knowledge on choosing the single goal to achieve.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) :: essays research papers fc

Chloroflourocarbons Chloroflourocarbons were discovered in the 1920's by Thomas Midgley, an organic chemist at General Motors Corporation. He was looking for inert, non- toxic, non-flammable compounds with low boiling points that could be used as refrigerants. He found what he was looking for in the form of two compounds: dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichloromonoflouromethane (CFC-11). In both compounds, different amounts of chlorine and fluorine are combined with methane, which is a combination of carbon and hydrogen. These two CFCs were eventually manufactured by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and company, and, under the trade name â€Å"freon,† constituted 15% of the market for refrigerator gases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CFCs were the perfect answer for cooling refrigerators and air conditioners. They were easily turned into liquid at room temperature with application of just a small amount of pressure, and they could easily then be turned back into gas. CFCs were completely inert and not poisonous to humans. They became ideal solvents for industrial solutions and hospital sterilants. Another use found for them was to blow liquid plastic into various kinds of foams. In the 1930's, household insecticides were bulky and hard to use, so CFCs were created because they could be kept in liquid form and in an only slightly pressurized can. Thus, in 1947, the spray can was born, selling millions of cans each year. Insecticides were only the first application for CFC spray cans. They soon employed a number of products from deodorant to hair spray. In 1954, 188 million cans were sold in the U.S. alone, and four years later, the number jumped to 500 million. CFC filled cans were so popular that, by 1968, 2.3 billion spray cans were sold in America. The hopes of a seemingly perfect refrigerant were diminished in the late 1960's when scientists studied the decomposition of CFCs in the atmosphere. What they found was startling. Chlorine atoms are released as the CFCs decompose, thus destroying the Ozone (O3) atoms in the high stratosphere. It became clear that human usage of CF2Cl2 and CFCl3, and similar chemicals were causing a negative impact on the chemistry of the high altitude air.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When CFCs and other ozone-degrading chemicals are emitted, they mix with the atmosphere and eventually rise to the stratosphere. CFCs themselves do not actually effect the ozone, but their decay products do. After they photolyzed, the chlorine eventually ends up as â€Å"reservoir species† - they do not themselves react with ozone- such as Hydrogen Chloride, HCL, or Chlorine Nitrate, ClONO2. These than further decompose into ozone hurting substances. The simplest is as follows: (How do CFCs Destroy the Ozone) Cl + O3 -----> ClO + O2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ClO + O